|
(詳細はJingdezhen had a plentiful supply for decades after the voyages.〔 The fleet also returned with such a large amount of black pepper that the once-costly luxury became a common commodity in Chinese society.〔 It has been said that there was sometimes so many Chinese goods unloaded into a single foreign port that it could take about three months to price everything.〔.〕 The treasure voyages resulted in a flourishing Ming economy,〔Cited in .〕 while boosting the lucrative maritime commerce to an all-time high.〔.〕 Imperial proclamations were issued to the foreign kings, which meant that they could either submit and be bestowed with rewards or refuse and be pacified under the threat of an overwhelming military force.〔.〕〔.〕 Foreign kings had to reaffirm their recognition of the Chinese emperor's superior status by presenting tribute.〔.〕 Many countries were enrolled as tributaries.〔.〕 The treasure fleet conducted the transport of the many foreign envoys to China and back, but some envoys traveled independently.〔.〕 Those rulers who submitted received political protection and material rewards.〔.〕 During the Hongwu reign, the situation in the Malay-Indonesian world was viewed with a negative attitude.〔.〕 However, the treasure fleet came to dominate the Malay-Indonesian sphere via Java, Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsula.〔 In Ceylon and southern India, the treasure fleet forced the political situation of the region into their favor, while making the maritime routes safe for commerce and diplomacy.〔 In 1404, the eunuch envoy Yin Qing was sent on a mission from Ming China to Malacca.〔.〕 King Paramesvara of Malacca (r. 1399–1413), delighted by this, reciprocated with an envoy bearing tribute in local products.〔 A year later during the first treasure voyage, Admiral Zheng He arrived at Malacca to formally confer Paramesvara's investiture as King of Malacca.〔 Malacca's ruling house would be on friendly terms with Ming China and collaborate with the treasure fleet.〔 The Ming recognition and alliance was a factor that ensured stability in Malacca.〔.〕 Malacca prospered and gradually came to replace Palembang as the regional trading center.〔 The ''Taizong Shilu'' entry of 12 August 1406 noted that Chen Zuyi and Liang Daoming sent envoys to the Ming court, possibly while Admiral Zheng He was commanding the treasure fleet through Indonesian waters to return home.〔.〕 Chen Zuyi sent his son Chen Shiliang to the Ming court.〔 Liang Daoming sent his nephew Liang Guanzheng, Xigandaliye, and Hajji Muhammad to the Ming court.〔 The Ming court understood that Liang Daoming was the leader of the Chinese community at Palembang, but ranked Chen Zuyi above Liang as they saw Chen as the Chieftain (''toumu'') of Palembang, which was not an official Ming title.〔 It is possible that Chen Zuyi had hoped for official recognition by the Ming court, but it never came to be.〔 Admiral Zheng He was informed by Shi Jinqing about Chen Zuyi's piracy, causing Chen to be classified as a pirate in the eyes of the Chinese authorities.〔.〕 During the first voyage, Admiral Zheng He established order in Palembang under Chinese rule.〔.〕 The Ming court recognized Shi Jinqing as the Grand Chieftain (''da toumu'') of Palembang after Admiral Zheng He had captured Chen Zuyi.〔.〕 After Shi Jinqing's death, his daughter Shi Erjie became king (''wang'')—a title normally not held by women—rather than his son, a very uncommon situation for both the patriarchal Chinese and Muslims.〔 On 27 February 1425, according to the ''Taizong Shilu'', Admiral Zheng He was sent on a diplomatic mission to confer a gauze cap, a ceremonial robe (with floral gold woven into gold patterns in the silk), and a silver seal on Shi Jisun (Shi Jinqing's son), who had received the Yongle Emperor's approval to succeed his father's office of Pacification Commissioner.〔.〕 The ''Taizong Shilu'' didn't define Palembang as a separate country on its own right.〔.〕 In contemporary Chinese sources, Palembang was mostly known as ''Jiugang'' (lit. "Old Harbor").〔 During the second voyage, the rulers of Calicut, Malacca, and Champa had made it a policy to cooperate with Ming China and gave the treasure fleet a series of bases from where they could operate during their travels.〔.〕 For the second voyage, one of the main responsibilities was to confer formal investiture on the King of Calicut.〔.〕〔.〕 Early in the voyages, Ceylon was perceived with considerable enmity by China.〔 Its rulers were even actively hostile towards the treasure fleet when they arrived during the third voyage.〔.〕 Coinciding with the first voyage, China was in war with Vietnam and was set on conquering it.〔 Champa was an ally of China and in state of conflict with Vietnam, thus they received the support of China.〔.〕 In 1408, King Ghiyath-ud-Din of Bengal sent a tribute mission to China.〔.〕 In 1412, an envoy was sent to announce the death of King Ghiyath-ud-Din and the accession of his son Sa'if-ud-Din as the new king.〔 In 1414, King Jalal-ud-Din (r. 1414–1431) sent a giraffe as tribute to China.〔 In 1415, the Yongle Emperor sent Hou Xian to confer gifts to the king, queen, and ministers of Bengal.〔 Hou Xian was a Grand Director who had accompanied Zheng He during the second and third voyage.〔 In 1438, Bengal sent a griraffe as tribute to China.〔 In 1439, Bengal sent a tribute mission to China.〔 Ma Huan and the ''Mingshi'' described Aden as a Muslim country whose people were overbearing and whose ruler had 7 to 8 thousand well-drilled horsemen and foot soldiers, thus the country was relatively powerful and its neighbors were fearful of it.〔.〕 Aden's king was al-Malik an-Nasir Salah-ad-Din Ahmad (r. 1400–1424) of the Rasulid dynasty, who earlier had taken control of Yemen from the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.〔 King Ahmad accepted the imperial edict and gifts that he received from the Chinese envoys and greeted them "with great reverence and humility" when they visited Aden during the treasure fleet's fifth voyage.〔 He may have hoped for military assistance against the threat that the Mamluk Sultanate posed at the time.〔 Even though the fleet returned in the sixth voyage, Yemen fell apart when their slave soldiers repeatedly rebelled under the reigns of King Ahmed's descendants: Abdallah, (r. 1424–1427, his son), Isma'il II (r.1427–1428, his son), and Yahya (r. 1428–1439, son of Isma'il II).〔 The ''Mingshi'' noted that Aden had sent a total of four tribute missions to China.〔 In reference to the last expedition in connection to the Mamluk Sultanate, Ibn Taghribirdi's account, dated 21 June 1432, recorded a report that came from Mecca about two Chinese ships that had anchored at Aden after departing from India.〔 The two captains of the ships had written to Sharif Barakat ibn Hasan ibn Ajlan (Emir of Mecca) and Sa'd al-Din Ibrahim ibn al-Marra (controller of Jeddah) for permission to come to Jeddah, as stated by the report, since the cargo was not loaded off the ships in Aden due to the disorder in Yemen.〔 The account noted that the latter two wrote to the Sultan about this, making him eager for the many Chinese goods, thus the Sultan wrote back that the Chinese may come to Jeddah and are to be treated with honor.〔.〕 Several African nations sent ambassadors who presented elephants and rhinoceros as tribute to China.〔.〕 In 1415, Malindi presented a giraffe.〔.〕 The final tribute mission from Malindi was in 1416, but it's not known which local products were presented to the Ming court.〔.〕 According to Zheng He's two inscriptions, Mogadishu presented zebras (''huafulu'') and lions as tribute to them during the fifth voyage.〔Dreyer 2007, 88.〕 The inscriptions also noted that Brava presented camels and ostriches as tribute during the voyage.〔 Brava sent a total of four tribute missions to China from 1416 to 1423.〔 Aden had send tribute giraffes on the fifth and sixth voyage, but the one on the fifth never arrived in China.〔 Mecca had also send them on the seventh voyage.〔 The giraffes were not likely to be native to Aden or Mecca.〔 Bengal also send a tribute giraffe, although it was said that it was a re-export from Malindi.〔 ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Diplomacy and commerce during the treasure voyages」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|